Long-term rentals: The future of the rental market in Portugal?
LONG-TERM RENTALS:
THE FUTURE OF THE RENTAL MARKET IN PORTUGAL?
As recently as two years ago, it was unquestionable that Portugal provided Europe’s best investment destination. A growing economy, falling unemployment, a recovering real estate market, an investment surge in real estate driven primarily by the very successful Golden Visa program, a wave of (mostly) wealthy foreign retiree immigration driven by the Non Habitual Resident program, all this fuelled by 8 successive record-breaking years in the tourism industry, and no one could question the underlying fundamentals. Add to this the fact that Portugal had taken a long time to start to recover from the losses caused by the 2008-9 financial crisis, with property values falling as much as 40% in some locations.
The result of the perception of an improvement in the investment climate and the many measures intended to stimulate the economy was a jump in foreign investment. No sector felt the impact of this increase in capital inflows like the real estate market. From Chinese investors to French residents, the country’s real estate boomed and in 3 years, Lisbon had seen property growth of 60% and off-plan sales of modern, new-build product were back to full swing as if the recession had never happened.
Much of the growth was caused by investors who saw in Portugal not only an opportunity for capital appreciation from a low base, but also the possibility of rental yields. The country’s regulated, but very low tax, regime called the Alojamento Local, meant that early buyers who made their property available to the short-term rental market, were paying approximately 4% tax on gross revenues.
However, since then, we have observed the beginnings of dissatisfaction with over-tourism, the “expulsion” of local residents by (mostly) foreign owners, leading to a loss of character of entire neighbourhoods which were the drawcard attracting investors and visitors alike to the country’s authenticity, and an increased lack of respect for remaining local residents.
As a result, the government, which is in a parliamentary coalition with far-left parties, has set out a strategy of (not-so-gradual) assault on those perceived to be wealthy. And, unfortunately, as houses and apartments with sea views elicit a much more visceral response than pieces of paper known as shares or even a pile of intaglio paper known as money sitting in bank coffers, the government has set its sights firmly on financially penalising all those who own real estate.
While long-term rental contracts have historically paid capital gains tax (mais valias) on gross revenues, the government now appears to have the short-term rental market in its sights, especially if property is being managed as a short-term investment or let to the short-term or tourist market. There is talk that taxation may reduce for longer, more stable contracts, meaning that the discourse is that the short-term rental market may soon lose some of the many advantages it has, relative to longer contracts.
In 2017, the Portuguese government started its assault on real estate owners by approving the AIMI, an extraordinary real estate tax which applied to all owners who singly owned more than €600,000 of real estate (or €1,2 million as a couple). The law was named after the leader of Portugal’s extreme-left party, who campaigned tirelessly for its adoption.
Also in 2017, changes to the local lodging (Alojamento Local) legislation were implemented, including:
- An increase of the taxation basis from 15% to 35% of gross revenue, meaning an effective increase in the base rate of taxation on short-term rentals from less than 4% to around 10%. While still very competitive, the increase was significant
- Application of employer’s social security for companies managing client properties
- Higher water rates in some municipalities for properties registered as local lodging
- The need to present detailed calculations and proof of expenses, effectively eliminating the simplified regime for owners with annual rental values of around €27,000
It was also in this year that owners of local lodging establishments became aware that all of them had been caught by a little-known legislation which meant that anyone registering for short-term rentals was liable for capital gains. This remains an unclear and little-known aspect of the Alojamento Local.
In 2018, with a number of complaints about the effects of excessive tourism and short-term let properties, and the adoption of stricter rules in locations as diverse as Paris, Barcelona, New Zealand, Thailand, and Croatia, meant it was only a matter of time before the government started to change short-term rentals even further. New legislation, which has been approved by parliament and promulgated by the President, broadly forces the following changes:
- Municipalities will have the right to define zones with quotas on the number of short-term let properties, and owners will be limited to a maximum of 7 short-term rental properties within these zones
- Local lodging licences are personal and non-transferable in these areas and so if the property is sold, the new owner may not be able to get the licence renewed if the quota for that area has been reached. Buyers should be particularly careful about historical suburbs of Lisbon including Mouraria, Restelo and similar
- Condominiums will have the right to determine if and whether local lodging can be assigned to a property. Approval will require at least 50% of all voting members or owners
- Condominiums can charge a premium of up to 30% on condominium fees for those renting short-term
- Multi-risk and liability insurance is compulsory and must now also cover damage by clients to condominiums
- All client and tenant documentation must now be in three languages
These legislative changes will come into effect 60 days after their final approval in Parliament, forecast for October.
As a result of these changes, the market is starting to look more seriously at long-term rentals. Because long-term rentals, and even longer winter rentals of 8 months or more, are scarce (most owners prefer to make as much money as possible in the summer), Algarve Senior Living explains to customers how winter lets can complement summer revenue or substitute, in most cases, the summer revenue through an alternative model. Although online booking platforms have made direct marketing by owners much easier, and drastically reduced the role of the tour operator, many owners have yet to fill their properties fully beyond the peak months. It is important that owners do detailed calculations including expenses and tax, to determine which model works best for their propery/ies.
Algarve Senior Living has operated its unique model of long winter monthly lets, alongside the shorter summer weekly lets, for several years. Owners are now questioning whether they should consider transitioning to long lets if they currently operate summer lets only. We have seen an increase in the number of our property owners making their properties available for at least 6 months in the winter, in an attempt to balance the revenue streams in the summer and winter.
Advantages for owners of long-term and winter lets in their properties
- Winter lets are an excellent way to make extra revenue in months which are usually slow and where properties are closed
- Taxes and legislation surrounding short-term rentals are increasing, with more changes already approved by Parliament and the President set to become law by the end of 2018. Long-term rentals avoid these changes which affect the short-term lettings market
- There is already talk of a property and a real estate bubble impacting short-term rental values so owners can protect their assets by negotiating good long-term rental values while the market is still buoyant
- While the taxation is higher (28% versus around 10-16%, depending on VAT, for short lets), this difference is forecast to reduce as taxation on short lets increases
- Expenses, including cleaning, in long-term lets are paid by the tenant and not included in the rental
- Security deposits are higher, churn is lower
- Commissions from third parties may be lower. In the case of Algarve Senior Living, commission is added to the negotiated base rental amount
- Owners have time to vet and select their guests. Checking references is possible
- Long-term tenants tend to be seniors or families. There is less damage and properties benefit from year-round occupation
- For owners with Alojamento Local, 2018 is the year in which they can move their property from category B (Alojamento Local or local lodging) to category F (Arrendamento or long-term let) and suspend any capital gains which has been caused by the AL status. This is of particular relevance to any resident owners, such as Portuguese landlords, as CGT is much lower as a resident.
Advantages for tenants of a long-term rental
- Stability: knowing that they have a place to stay throughout the year, without the price fluctuations of the expensive summer months
- Visibility of expenses allowing for better planning
- Expenses are controlled directly by tenants, so if they wish to use more air conditioning or heating, they pay the bill, whereas if they decide to use blankets, they can save
- Contracts will allow those tenants who qualify, to apply for Portugal’s tax-free Non Habitual Resident status
Challenges for tenants of a long-term rentals
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- Algarve Senior Living explains in detail the reason why tenants cannot expect to find quality property in good locations at discounted prices: in addition to the boom in demand, many tenants did not understand that long-term rentals are still taxed much higher than shorter rentals
- Many tenants looking for a long-term or annual rent, finding prices higher than they imagined, enter into a shorter contract in the slower winter months hoping they will then find something suitable when they are living locally. While this is sometimes the case, it often does not work for three reasons:
- The area selected is not necessarily the one in which they finally wish to settle. Their landlord has no knowledge of other areas nor any interest in finding a solution which will mean losing a winter rental earlier than planned
- There may be a special requirement, such as pets, which makes the list of available inventory very short indeed. Companies like Algarve Senior Living have spent years compiling their portfolio of properties which often involves months of negotiation with owners. Even then inventory changes but due to a larger variety, finding an alternative is usually possible
- Every winter month which passes brings us closer to the expensive summer months which in turn sees a decrease in inventory and an increase in price. Often owners, who in November are nervous when they see an empty winter in front of them, become much more confident by March when they see the approaching summer months
- The largest challenge for tenants is to understand that often sacrificing one or more criteria in order to get a full-year rental contract, is better than sacrificing the length of time in the hope of then finding the perfect solution later. Without exception, the latter approach is always more expensive.
Algarve Senior Living hopes to continue to play an active role in explaining the benefits of long lets to property owners, and implementing fair long-term rental pricing for tenants in the context of a booming market. Our investment in www.luz-living.com, the Algarve’s first coastal residential project for expatriate seniors, offering both apartments to purchase or for long lets, underscores our commitment to this model.
Making The Right Property Choice
Making The Right Property Choice
Start With A Rental
The Algarve is a popular summer rental market. A range of options exist in both municipalities. Long-term rentals represent a small percentage of the total rental market and private apartment and villa rentals, whose owners often only place properties on the market as an afterthought following a poor summer season, compete with long-stay hotel accommodation that offers various guest services that are not available in private property.
Private rental is often a cost-effective and flexible way to have time to make permanent decisions. However, most rental properties are summer rentals—the most popular rental sitesn continue to be large property portals such as Homeaway, Holidaylettings, and Rightmove Overseas—and owners attempting to advertise properties as winter rentals inflate prices to hedge any loss of summer rentals. As a general rule, the winter rental values of properties in popular tourist areas are similar to the weekly values in the summer. A quick analysis in the area of Lagoa and Silves using a specialist long-term rental site bears out this observation, with long-term rentals of a studio apartment in Carvoeiro at US$946 per month and a 2-bed apartment in Silves at a well overpriced US$2,330 per month. The disadvantages of rentals negotiated directly with private owners include isolation, a lack of support in the initial phases and difficulties in dealing with the initial bureaucracy involved with any new country move, often exacerbated by the lack of knowledge of the local language.
Historically, many visitors moving to the area, including firsttime visitors, have opted for purchasing real estate as a way of securing their permanence in the area. While this remains a popular option, the market is changing. The economic crisis of 2008 and the knock-on effect on the liquidity of the real estate market means that many people find themselves locked into a permanent solution while their personal circumstances demand ever-more flexibility. Many existing expatriates and prospective new ones say that if they had the choice they would not buy a retirement home or would at least experience living overseas, if possible within a community, before making a permanent move. Two groundbreaking rental projects will launch in the Silves and Lagoa area, which will reinforce their reputation as leading expatriate retirement destinations. The Algarve’s, and one of the Iberian Peninsula’s first senior (50+) communities, with which I am involved, will begin operating in the fall of 2014, in the town of Carvoeiro. Aimed at the independent living market, it will offer a range of 4-star accommodation, and guests and residents will be able to choose from a 1-month try-before-you-move option, a 3-6 month winter stay, or permanent residence (including the possibility of opting out during the peak summer months). You can read more about the project at Algarve Senior Living (www.algarveseniorliving.com).
Expected to launch in 2017, a bespoke-developed senior village backed by a major Scandinavian group, will be developed less than 2 miles from the center of Silves on a 60 hectare (150 acre) site. A care home to cater for the increasing health needs of residents, will be included in a future phase. With the variety of options on offer, and direct flights from dozens of global destinations, there is simply no excuse for not trying out the Southern European lifestyle before taking the plunge.
A list of short-term rental providers is in the Algarve “Rolodex.”
Real Estate
“Recent authoritative research by the OECD,” as reported by the Telegraph, “highlights property markets in Portugal” as “a bargain” and “undervalued.” Portugal’s property market is well-established. There is no restriction on the purchase of real estate and most land and property is sold freehold. The country’s property registry system is centralized and very reliable. The law protects property, property rights, and the right to access and use one’s own property.
Property buyers pay property purchase tax (Imposto Municipal sobre as Transmissões – IMT) on a sliding scale based on the property’s taxable value, which has historically been lower (and often significantly lower) than actual values at which properties are transacted. In recent years, this gap has reduced as the government has revalued properties in order to capitalize on an obvious source of tax income. The table below illustrates the values payable for each price interval, depending on the type of property.
Land is taxed at a flat rate of 6.5% when it is rural or has nothing yet built on it.
Stamp duty is 0.8% of property purchase price. Annually, municipal taxes (designated IMI or Imposto Municipal sobre Imóveis) are charged on properties using a formula containing variables which include the size of the property, and how many luxury or entertainment items (such as pools, tennis court, etc.) it contains. Each municipality has the right to charge a slightly different IMI value, which range from 0.3-0.5% with rustic buildings (whose taxable values are normally very low) paying a value of 0.8%.
The Algarve was launched as a ‘Mediterranean destination’ in the 1960s and the town of Carvoeiro, located in the municipality of Lagoa, is one of the most popular resorts for foreign property buyers. Today, there is a range of real estate available, both new and resale, mainly 2- and 3-bed apartments and 3- and 4-bed villas. However, a studio apartment starts at around €70,000, a 1-bed apartment from €90,000 and a 2-bed from around €100,000. One-bed cottages, which are scarce, start at around €150,000, 2-bed resale townhouses from around €190,000, sea view 2-bed townhouses from around €225,000, and 3-bed villas from €275,000. A private villa on an acre of land with private tennis court and pool, and established gardens, can be purchased for €850,000. Fractional real estate in the area starts at around €50,000 for a quarter share of a 2-bedroom apartment on a golf course.
In Silves, new or nearly new 1-, 2-, or 3-bed apartments vary between €80,000 and €140,000. Villas start at around €350,000, and most have at least half-acre plots. Rural properties have large plots and even large urban plots with ruins and planning permission to build can be found at competitive prices. A 20,000-square-meter (five acre) plot with some sea views, containing a ruin and permission to build a house of up to 464 square meters (5,000 square feet) plus terraces, costs less than €500,000.
Mobile Home Paradise
In a survey of motorhome owners, the Algarve was voted best motorhome destination in Southern Europe and Northern Africa (including Morocco). And Silves has gained the reputation of being the motor home capital of Southern Europe. Hundreds of motorhomes, from as far afield as Denmark, the UK, France, and Germany mix with the occasional Portuguese traveler to create a virtual community numbering as many as 350 vehicles. There have been some recent incidents of motorhome users being ordered by local police to leave, due to what they considered abuse of local health and safety rules, and parking in unauthorized zones (there are local licensed sites which include water and waste disposal facilities, as well as a Laundromat, for as little as €6 per day. Nonetheless, the majority of this community of people who spend up to five months in their motorhomes in Southern Europe and some of whom have visited the area as many as 11 times, are law abiding and respect local rules and take care to exhibit good manners in sharing space with other expatriate neighbors. They make a significant contribution to the local economy during the quiet winter months, frequenting local restaurants and shopping at local grocery stores and the Silves market.
Tax And Financial Matters
Portugal has no inheritance tax; if you rent a property you will also not be liable for any wealth taxes, which only exist in the form of annual property taxes on real estate which you own. Anyone who has not been resident in Portugal for the previous five tax years is entitled to obtain residence under the Non- Habitual Resident law, which entitles most people to receive pensions and foreign income tax-free for 10 years. Under the same law, for any professions included on a list published by the government and which includes company directors, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects, people in the medical profession etc., the personal income tax rate for any work conducted in or billed from Portugal is capped at 20% (plus any surcharge due to the fiscal emergency measures, totaling 3.5% in 2013). This is well below the maximum 46% top tax bracket in the country. The procedure to register as a NHR involves registering with a local tax office and providing simple supporting information. (See “Becoming A Resident” for more details.).
Portugal has a double tax treaty with the US (signed in 1996) and with Canada (signed in 2001).
The strength of the euro versus the U.S. dollar in recent months has eroded some of the competitiveness of local prices from the point of view of arriving US visitors, but as exchange rate fluctuations are constant, anyone considering emigration should plan their currency requirements well in advance.
Sales tax (Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado – IVA) is charged nationally, based on the type of product or services. IVA rates are high, ranging from some zero-rated services to 6% for basic products and 23% at the highest tier. IVA is included in all products and services. However, due to the high rates, some service providers do not issue a formal IVA-compliant receipt unless specifically requested to do so. In order to combat this tax avoidance, the government has implemented several innovative schemes to bring more transactions within the system, including raffling off luxury cars. Anyone issued an official IVA invoice is automatically eligible to win, but the provider is automatically flagged in the system if they have been avoiding tax. So the government has cleverly put the taxpayer to work for them to collect taxes.
Banking in Portugal is sophisticated and easy, and most transactions can be done online with no need to ever enter When finance becomes too much…remember, the good things in life are free a branch other than to open an account. Deposits are guaranteed up to €100,000 under European law.
Cash withdrawals from Portuguese bank accounts are free: Portugal was one of the world’s first countries to implement a shared banking platform to which all banks are linked and so ATMs, which are easy to find in most locations, allow free access to withdrawals, online payments, statements, and in some cases deposits. Payments or withdrawals using foreign cards and foreign accounts can also be done using the same machines, but subject to usual costs charged by the issuing bank. All major credit cards are accepted. Foreign exchange is easy and all banks and most of the world’s Forex companies operate in the country.
Anyone operating a business in Portugal after having run one in the US or the UK, for example, will find it more
difficult here. Although the Algarve has a Citizen’s Store (Loja do Cidadão) in Faro, which allows you to deal with all government departments, from finance to social security and even registering the name of the company, in a single day and location, annual returns which must be validated by a TOC (an ‘official’ accountant registered with a central professional body), the complexity of IVA returns, and the social security burden on the employer, make the country bureaucratic. The government is working on methods of simplifying this and automation has seen a huge improvement in service levels, but the underlying procedures and multi-stage approvals are still cumbersome.
Tax returns are reasonably easy to complete online, although there are limitations on the state’s computer system and online availability near the start or end of submission periods. It is recommended that you seek assistance from a professional tax adviser or accountant for your first tax return. Thereafter, with some support from the Ministry of Finance’s informative and multi-lingual online portal, you should be able to complete the annual return.
As with most countries, it is advisable that advice is sought from one of several specialist firms, several of which have long-standing experience in the region. The cost of a residency application under the Golden Visa program will cost in the region of €6,000 (with each renewal around €3,000), while dealing with an application under the Non Habitual Residency program will cost between €1,500-3,000, depending on the law firm involved.
Many people also prepare a will or testament to ensure that no confusion arises between countries as to their final wishes in case of dying in Portugal.